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1.
J. bras. pneumol ; 45(4): e20190122, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012570

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Bronchiectasis is a condition that has been increasingly diagnosed by chest HRCT. In the literature, bronchiectasis is divided into bronchiectasis secondary to cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis not associated with cystic fibrosis, which is termed non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Many causes can lead to the development of bronchiectasis, and patients usually have chronic airway symptoms, recurrent infections, and CT abnormalities consistent with the condition. The first international guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis was published in 2010. In Brazil, this is the first review document aimed at systematizing the knowledge that has been accumulated on the subject to date. Because there is insufficient evidence on which to base recommendations for various treatment topics, here the decision was made to prepare an expert consensus document. The Brazilian Thoracic Association Committee on Respiratory Infections summoned 10 pulmonologists with expertise in bronchiectasis in Brazil to conduct a critical assessment of the available scientific evidence and international guidelines, as well as to identify aspects that are relevant to the understanding of the heterogeneity of bronchiectasis and to its diagnostic and therapeutic management. Five broad topics were established (pathophysiology, diagnosis, monitoring of stable patients, treatment of stable patients, and management of exacerbations). After this subdivision, the topics were distributed among the authors, who conducted a nonsystematic review of the literature, giving priority to major publications in the specific areas, including original articles, review articles, and systematic reviews. The authors reviewed and commented on all topics, producing a single final document that was approved by consensus.


RESUMO Bronquiectasias têm se mostrado uma condição cada vez mais diagnosticada com a utilização da TCAR de tórax. Na literatura, a terminologia utilizada separa as bronquiectasias entre secundárias à fibrose cística e aquelas não associadas à fibrose cística, denominadas bronquiectasias não fibrocísticas neste documento. Muitas causas podem levar ao desenvolvimento de bronquiectasias, e o paciente geralmente tem sintomas crônicos de vias aéreas, infecções recorrentes e alterações tomográficas compatíveis com a condição. Em 2010, foi publicada a primeira diretriz internacional sobre diagnóstico e tratamento das bronquiectasias não fibrocísticas. No Brasil, este é o primeiro documento de revisão com o objetivo de sistematizar o conhecimento acumulado sobre o assunto até o momento. Como para vários tópicos do tratamento não há evidências suficientes para recomendações, optou-se aqui pela construção de um documento de consenso entre especialistas. A Comissão de Infecções Respiratórias da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia reuniu 10 pneumologistas com expertise em bronquiectasias no Brasil para avaliar criticamente as evidências científicas e diretrizes internacionais, assim como identificar aspectos relevantes à compreensão da heterogeneidade da doença bronquiectásica e a seu manejo diagnóstico e terapêutico. Foram determinados cinco grandes tópicos (fisiopatologia; diagnóstico; monitorização do paciente estável; tratamento do paciente estável; e manejo das exacerbações). Após essa subdivisão, os tópicos foram distribuídos entre os autores, que realizaram uma revisão não sistemática da literatura, priorizando as principais publicações nas áreas específicas, incluindo artigos originais e de revisão, assim como revisões sistemáticas. Os autores revisaram e opinaram sobre todos os tópicos, formando um documento único final que foi aprovado por todos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bronchiectasis/therapy , Bronchiectasis/diagnostic imaging , Consensus , Quality of Life , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/etiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/therapy , Brazil , Bronchiectasis/etiology , Bronchiectasis/physiopathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Chronic Disease , Disease Management
2.
J. bras. pneumol ; 43(1): 60-70, Jan.-Feb. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-841261

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT In patients with severe respiratory failure, either hypoxemic or hypercapnic, life support with mechanical ventilation alone can be insufficient to meet their needs, especially if one tries to avoid ventilator settings that can cause injury to the lungs. In those patients, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which is also very effective in removing carbon dioxide from the blood, can provide life support, allowing the application of protective lung ventilation. In this review article, we aim to explore some of the most relevant aspects of using ECMO for respiratory support. We discuss the history of respiratory support using ECMO in adults, as well as the clinical evidence; costs; indications; installation of the equipment; ventilator settings; daily care of the patient and the system; common troubleshooting; weaning; and discontinuation.


RESUMO Em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória grave (hipoxêmica ou hipercápnica), o suporte somente com ventilação mecânica pode ser insuficiente para suas necessidades, especialmente quando se tenta evitar o uso de parâmetros ventilatórios que possam causar danos aos pulmões. Nesses pacientes, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO, oxigenação extracorpórea por membrana), que também é muito eficaz na remoção de dióxido de carbono do sangue, pode manter a vida, permitindo o uso de ventilação pulmonar protetora. No presente artigo de revisão, objetivamos explorar alguns dos aspectos mais relevantes do suporte respiratório por ECMO. Discutimos a história do suporte respiratório por ECMO em adultos; evidências clínicas; custos; indicações; instalação do equipamento; parâmetros ventilatórios; cuidado diário do paciente e do sistema; solução de problemas comuns; desmame e descontinuação.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/adverse effects , Hypercapnia , Hypoxia , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/physiopathology , Respiratory Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging , Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/therapy
3.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 28(2): 179-189, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-787732

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Infecções do trato respiratório inferior são condições frequentes e potencialmente letais, consistindo nas principais causas de prescrição inadequada de antibióticos. A caracterização de sua gravidade e a predição prognóstica dos pacientes acometidos auxiliam na condução, permitindo maior acerto nas decisões sobre a necessidade e o local de internação, assim como a duração do tratamento. A incorporação de biomarcadores às estratégias classicamente utilizadas representa estratégia promissora, com destaque para a procalcitonina. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma revisão narrativa sobre a potencial utilidade e as limitações do uso da procalcitonina como um marcador prognóstico em pacientes hospitalizados portadores de infecções do trato respiratório inferior. Os estudos publicados sobre o tema são heterogêneos, no que tange à variedade de técnicas de mensuração da procalcitonina, seus valores de corte, os contextos clínicos e a gravidade dos pacientes incluídos. Os dados obtidos indicam valor moderado da procalcitonina para predizer o prognóstico de pacientes com infecções do trato respiratório inferior, não superior a metodologias classicamente utilizadas, e com utilidade que se faz notar apenas quando interpretados junto a outros dados clínicos e laboratoriais. De modo geral, o comportamento da procalcitonina, ao longo dos primeiros dias de tratamento, fornece mais informações prognósticas do que sua mensuração em um momento isolado, mas faltam informações sobre a custo-efetividade dessa medida em pacientes em terapia intensiva. Estudos que avaliaram o papel prognóstico da procalcitonina inicial em pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade apresentam resultados mais consistentes e com maior potencial de aplicabilidade prática, mas com utilidade limitada a valores negativos para a seleção de pacientes com baixo risco de evolução desfavorável.


ABSTRACT Lower respiratory tract infections are common and potentially lethal conditions and are a major cause of inadequate antibiotic prescriptions. Characterization of disease severity and prognostic prediction in affected patients can aid disease management and can increase accuracy in determining the need for and place of hospitalization. The inclusion of biomarkers, particularly procalcitonin, in the decision taken process is a promising strategy. This study aims to present a narrative review of the potential applications and limitations of procalcitonin as a prognostic marker in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections. The studies on this topic are heterogeneous with respect to procalcitonin measurement techniques, cutoff values, clinical settings, and disease severity. The results show that procalcitonin delivers moderate performance for prognostic prediction in patients with lower respiratory tract infections; its predictive performance was not higher than that of classical methods, and knowledge of procalcitonin levels is most useful when interpreted together with other clinical and laboratory results. Overall, repeated measurement of the procalcitonin levels during the first days of treatment provides more prognostic information than a single measurement; however, information on the cost-effectiveness of this procedure in intensive care patients is lacking. The results of studies that evaluated the prognostic value of initial procalcitonin levels in patients with community-acquired pneumonia are more consistent and have greater potential for practical application; in this case, low procalcitonin levels identify those patients with a low risk of adverse outcomes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Calcitonin/blood , Hospitalization , Pneumonia/physiopathology , Pneumonia/blood , Prognosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/blood , Severity of Illness Index , Biomarkers/blood , Predictive Value of Tests , Community-Acquired Infections/physiopathology , Community-Acquired Infections/blood , Critical Care
4.
EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2016; 22 (7): 499-508
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-181507

ABSTRACT

The epidemiology, seasonality and risk factors for influenza virus infection remains poorly defined in countries such as Egypt. Between 1 January and 31 December 2013, we used surveillance data on patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection in three Egyptian government hospitals in Damanhour district to estimate the incidence rate of laboratory-confirmed seasonal influenza. Samples were taken from 1727 of 1856 patients; of these, 19% were influenza virus positive. The overall incidence of influenza virus-associated SARI during the study period was estimated to be 44 cases per 100 000 person-years [95% CI: 39-48]. The highest incidence of 166 cases per 100 000 person year [95% CI: 125-220] was observed in children aged 2 to 4 years. The incidence of influenza-virus associated SARI cases in pregnant women was estimated to be 17.3 cases per 100 000 person-years [95% CI: 6-54]. Majority of influenza virus-associated SARI occurred in autumn and early winter, and influenza A[H3N2] virus predominated. This was the first ever description of the epidemiology of seasonal influenza in Egypt. However, additional works are needed for greater understanding of influenza burden in Egypt


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Pregnant Women , Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
6.
Rev. latinoam. enferm. (Online) ; 23(3): 491-499, May-June 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-755954

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:

to analyze the accuracy of the defining characteristics of the Impaired gas exchange nursing diagnosis in children with acute respiratory infection.

METHOD:

open prospective cohort study conducted with 136 children monitored for a consecutive period of at least six days and not more than ten days. An instrument based on the defining characteristics of the Impaired gas exchange diagnosis and on literature addressing pulmonary assessment was used to collect data. The accuracy means of all the defining characteristics under study were computed.

RESULTS:

the Impaired gas exchange diagnosis was present in 42.6% of the children in the first assessment. Hypoxemia was the characteristic that presented the best measures of accuracy. Abnormal breathing presented high sensitivity, while restlessness, cyanosis, and abnormal skin color showed high specificity. All the characteristics presented negative predictive values of 70% and cyanosis stood out by its high positive predictive value.

CONCLUSION:

hypoxemia was the defining characteristic that presented the best predictive ability to determine Impaired gas exchange. Studies of this nature enable nurses to minimize variability in clinical situations presented by the patient and to identify more precisely the nursing diagnosis that represents the patient's true clinical condition.

.

OBJETIVO:

analisar a acurácia das características definidoras do diagnóstico de enfermagem troca de gases prejudicada, em crianças com infecção respiratória aguda.

MÉTODO:

estudo de coorte prospectiva aberta, realizado com 136 crianças, acompanhadas por um período consecutivo de, no mínimo, seis dias e, no máximo, dez dias. Para coleta dos dados utilizou-se um instrumento baseado nas características definidoras do diagnóstico troca de gases prejudicada e na literatura pertinente acerca da avaliação pulmonar. Foram calculadas as medidas de acurácia de todas as características definidoras estudadas.

RESULTADOS:

o diagnóstico Troca de gases prejudicada esteve presente em 42,6% das crianças, na primeira avaliação. Hipoxemia foi a característica que apresentou as melhores medidas de acurácia. Respiração anormal apresentou elevado valor de sensibilidade e agitação, cianose e cor da pele anormal evidenciaram alta especificidade. Todas estas características apresentaram valor preditivo negativo acima de 70%, e cianose também se destacou pelo elevado valor preditivo positivo.

CONCLUSÃO:

hipoxemia foi a característica definidora que apresentou melhor capacidade preditiva para determinação de Troca de gases prejudicada. Estudos desta natureza permitem que o enfermeiro minimize a variabilidade existente nas situações clínicas apresentadas pelo paciente e identifique, de forma acurada, o diagnóstico de enfermagem que representa a sua verdadeira condição clínica.

.

OBJETIVO:

analizar la precisión de las características definitorias del diagnóstico de enfermería Deterioro del intercambio gaseoso, en niños con infección respiratoria aguda.

MÉTODO:

estudio de cohorte prospectivo abierto, realizado con 136 niños, acompañados por un período consecutivo de por lo menos seis días y como máximo de diez días. Para recolección de los datos se utilizó un instrumento basado en las características definitorias del diagnóstico Deterioro del intercambio gaseoso y en la literatura pertinente acerca de la evaluación pulmonar. Fueron calculadas las medidas de precisión de todas las características definitorias estudiadas.

RESULTADOS:

el diagnóstico Deterioro del intercambio gaseoso estuvo presente en 42,6% de los niños, en la primera evaluación. La hipoxemia fue la característica que presentó las mejores medidas de precisión. La respiración anormal presentó elevado valor de sensibilidad, agitación, cianosis y el color de la piel anormal evidenciaron alta especificidad. Todas estas características presentaron valor de predicción negativo arriba de 70%, y la cianosis también se destacó por el elevado valor de predicción positivo.

CONCLUSIÓN:

la hipoxemia fue la característica definitoria que presentó mejor capacidad de predicción para determinación del Deterioro del intercambio gaseoso. Estudios de esta naturaleza permiten que el enfermero minimice la variabilidad existente en las situaciones clínicas presentadas por el paciente e identifique, de forma precisa, el diagnóstico de enfermería que representa su verdadera condición clínica.

.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Nursing Diagnosis , Pulmonary Gas Exchange , Acute Disease , Prospective Studies
7.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 90(6): 542-555, Nov-Dec/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-729830

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. SOURCES: A search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases, between the years 2002 and 2013, using the following descriptors: asthma exacerbation, virus, child, and acute respiratory infection. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: A total of 42 Original Articless addressing the identification of respiratory viruses during episodes of asthma exacerbation were selected, mostly cross-sectional studies. There was a wide variation in the methodology of the assessed studies, particularly in relation to the children's age and methods of collection and viral detection. The results indicate that, in up to 92.2% of exacerbations, a viral agent was potentially the main triggering factor, and human rhinovirus was the most frequently identified factor. The pattern of viral circulation may have been responsible for the seasonality of exacerbations. The association between viral infections and allergic inflammation appears to be crucial for the clinical and functional uncontrolled asthma, but few studies have evaluated other triggering factors in association with viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses are present in the majority of asthmatic children during episodes of exacerbation. The involved physiopathological mechanisms are yet to be fully established, and the synergism between allergic inflammation and viral infection appears to determine uncontrolled disease. The role of other triggering and protective agents is yet to be clearly determined. .


OBJETIVO: Rever a literatura disponível sobre a relação entre infecção viral aguda do trato respiratório e o desencadeamento de exacerbações da asma, identificando os vírus mais prevalentes, os métodos de detecção, bem como os aspectos preventivos e terapêuticos. FONTE DOS DADOS : Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs utilizando os descritores: asma, exacerbação, vírus, criança e infecção respiratória aguda, entre os anos de 2002 e 2013. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram selecionados 42 artigos originais que tratavam da identificação de vírus respiratórios durante episódios de exacerbação da asma, em sua maioria estudos transversais. Houve ampla variação na metodologia dos trabalhos avaliados, principalmente em relação à idade das crianças e métodos de coleta e detecção viral. Os resultados apontam que, em até 92,2% das exacerbações, um agente viral foi potencialmente o principal fator desencadeante, sendo o rinovírus humano o mais identificado. O padrão de circulação viral pode ter sido responsável pela sazonalidade das exacerbações. A associação entre infecção viral e inflamação alérgica parece ser determinante para levar ao descontrole clínico-funcional da asma, porém poucos estudos avaliaram outros fatores desencadeantes em associação com a infecção viral. CONCLUSÕES: Os vírus respiratórios estão presentes na maioria das crianças asmáticas durante os episódios de exacerbação. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos ainda não estão totalmente estabelecidos e o sinergismo entre a inflamação alérgica e infecção viral parece ...


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Asthma/virology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Acute Disease , Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/physiopathology , Precipitating Factors , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Rhinovirus/physiology
8.
Rev. HCPA & Fac. Med. Univ. Fed. Rio Gd. do Sul ; 31(2): 216-223, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-834396

ABSTRACT

Fibrose cística é uma doença multissistêmica e complexa, que exige tratamento contínuo. A doença pulmonar é o principal determinante da sua evolução. Alterações na composição da secreção das vias aéreas levam ao desenvolvimento de doença pulmonar progressiva com infecção respiratória crônica por germes peculiares à doença. Esquemas de antibioticoterapia para tratamento das exacerbações pulmonares, erradicação de bactérias ou de supressão da infecção crônica constituem parte importante do tratamento, com repercussão significativa na melhora dos sintomas, da função pulmonar e da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com fibrose cística.


Cystic fibrosis is a complex multisystemic disease that requires lifelong treatment. Pulmonary disease is the major prognostic determinant. The altered airway surface liquid leads to the development of progressive pulmonary disease with chronic respiratory infection by specific germs. Antibiotic strategies for treatment of pulmonary disease exacerbations, bacterial eradication or chronic infection suppression play an important role in the treatment, contributing to the improvement of symptoms, lung function and the quality of life of Cystic Fibrosis patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cystic Fibrosis/complications , Respiratory Tract Infections/etiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Lung Diseases/physiopathology , Lung Diseases/drug therapy
9.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 19(4,supl.5): S19-S24, out.- dez. 2009.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-868471

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: revisar a literatura sobre as inter-relações entre as vias aéreas superiores e inferiores, com enfoque na asma e na rinite alérgica. Métodos: pesquisa não sistemática realizada nas bases Medline e LILACS nos últimos 20 anos, usando os descritores "asthma" "allergic rhinitis" "interaction" "united airways". Resultados: vários estudos clínicos, epidemiológicos, experimentais sugerem a hipótese de que asma e rinite alérgica são a expressão de uma única doença que acomete as vias aéreas. Pacientes com asma frequentemente apresentam rinite alérgica e a rinite alérgica não tratada dificulta o controle da asma. Do ponto de vista histológico, as mucosas nasais e brônquicas compartilham várias semelhanças. Alterações da mucosa nasal causam alterações mediadas por respostas fisiológicas na mucosa brônquica, e vice-versa. Esse corpo de evidências culminou com a iniciativa ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma), que enfatiza a necessidade de tratar a rinite alérgica no paciente com asma. Conclusões: a hipótese de que asma e rinite alérgica são a expressão de uma única doença que acomete o trato respiratório tem se consolidado e reforça a importância da busca por tratamentos que contemplem de forma integrada a comorbidade. (AU)


Objective: To review the literature about interactions between upper and lower airways with emphasis in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Methods: A non systematic review was conducted using Medline and LILACS in the last twenty years, using "asthma" "allergic rhinitis" "interaction" "united airways" as descriptors. Results: Several clinical, epidemiological, experimental studies suggest the hypothesis that asthma and allergic rhinitis are the expression of a single disease that affects the airways. Patients with Asthma often have allergic rhinitis, and untreated allergic rhinitis make asthma control difficult. From the histological point of view, the nasal and bronchial mucosa share many similarities. Changes in the nasal mucosa cause changes in bronchial mucosa, mediated by physiological responses and vice-versa. These findings led to the initiative (ARIA) Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma, that emphasizes the need to treat allergic rhinitis in patients with asthma. Conclusions: The hypothesis that allergic rhinitis and asthma are the expression of a single disease that affects the respiratory tract has been strengthened and reinforced the importance of searching for integrated treatments that aim the seamless comorbidity (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Asthma/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Rhinitis, Allergic/epidemiology , Asthma/physiopathology , Comorbidity , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Rhinitis, Allergic/physiopathology
10.
Clinics ; 64(12): 1155-1160, 2009. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-536218

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Common variable immunodeficiency is characterized by defective antibody production and recurrent pulmonary infections. Intravenous immunoglobulin is the treatment of choice, but the effects of Intravenous immunoglobulin on pulmonary defense mechanisms are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on the physical properties of the sputum and on inflammatory alterations in the airways of patients with Common variable immunodeficiency associated with bronchiectasis. METHOD: The present study analyzed sputum physical properties, exhaled NO, inflammatory cells in the sputum, and IG titers in 7 patients with Common variable immunodeficiency and bronchiectasis with secretion, immediately before and 15 days after Intravenous immunoglobulin. A group of 6 patients with Common variable immunodeficiency and bronchiectasis but no sputum was also studied for comparison of the basal IgG level and blood count. The 13 patients were young (age=36±17 years) and comprised predominantly of females (n=11). RESULTS: Patients with secretion presented significantly decreased IgG and IgM levels. Intravenous immunoglobulin was associated with a significant decrease in exhaled NO (54.7 vs. 40.1 ppb, p<0.05), sputum inflammatory cell counts (28.7 vs. 14.6 cells/mm³, p<0.05), and a significant increase in respiratory mucus transportability by cough (42.5 vs. 65.0 mm, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded that immunoglobulin administration in Common variable immunodeficiency patients results in significant improvement in indexes of inflammation of the airways with improvement in the transportability of the respiratory mucus by cough.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Bronchiectasis , Common Variable Immunodeficiency , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use , Mucociliary Clearance/physiology , Respiratory Tract Infections , Sputum , Bronchiectasis/drug therapy , Bronchiectasis/immunology , Bronchiectasis/physiopathology , Cell Count , Common Variable Immunodeficiency/drug therapy , Common Variable Immunodeficiency/immunology , Common Variable Immunodeficiency/physiopathology , Cough/immunology , Cough/physiopathology , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Immunoglobulin M/analysis , Mucus/physiology , Nitric Oxide/analysis , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Sputum/cytology , Sputum/drug effects , Sputum/immunology , Time Factors
11.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 71(4): 105-111, oct.-dic. 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-589240

ABSTRACT

La púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática (PTI) es un síndrome caracterizado por diátesis hemorrágica consecuencia de la excesiva destrucción periférica de plaquetas, globalmente es considerada la trombocitopenia inmune más frecuente en niños. Describir el comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico de la PTI en el estado Cojedes, Venezuela. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo en niños con clínica de PTI que acudieron entre 1985 y 2005 al Hospital "Dr. Egor Nucete" de referencia del estado Cojedes, Venezuela. Las variables estudiadas fueron: época del año, procedencia, edad, género, antecedentes, manifestaciones clínicas, signos hematológicos, variedad clínica y tratamiento. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo con distribuciones de frecuencia, porcentajes y gráficos de segmentos. 112 niños con PTI, incidencia acumulada promedio anual de 4,4/100.000 menores de 12 años; marzo, junio, julio y agosto mostraron el mayor número de casos y también los municipios San Carlos (30,36%), Falcón (18,75%) y Rómulo Gallegos (17,86%). Hubo mayor incidencia de PTI entre los 5 y 8 años (39%), sin diferencia entre géneros, pero con antecedentes de afección respiratoria superior en 82%; en lugar de predominó la forma aguda (91%), trombocitopenia menor de 50.000 plaquetas/mm3, sólo el 9% no recibió tratamiento terapéutico. La PTI es una patología de importante morbilidad en el estado Cojedes, de comportamiento epidemiológico similar al resto de América Latina y el mundo, su aparición está influenciada por factores ambientales, se resalta el predomino de la enfermedad entre los 2-8 años, sin distingo de género, con antecedentes infecciosos como factor de riesgo en la génesis del cuadro clínico y evolución satisfactoria aún sin tratamiento.


The immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) it is a syndrome characterized by hemorrhagic, diathesis consequence of the excessive peripheric destruction of platelets, widely spread in the world and considered the most frequent thrombocytopenia in children. To description the clinic-epidemic behavior of the ITP in Cojedes state, Venezuela. It was done a descriptive prospective study with children with clinic of ITP who request medical assistance at the Hospital "Dr. Egor Nucete" of Cojedes state in a 20 years period. The variables studied were: time of the year, origin, age, gender, antecedents, clinical features, hematological signs, clinical variety and treatment. It was carried out statistical analysis. 112 children with ITP, cumulative annual average incidence of 4.4 for each 100.000 children less 12 years old; March, June, July and August showed most cases and also the municipalities of San Carlos (30.36%), Falcón (18.75%) and Rómulo Gallegos(17.86%). There was higher incidence of ITP among 5-8 years (39%), without difference among gender, but with antecedents of respiratory upper tract infection in 82% of the cases; The acute disease was predominant (91%), thrombocytopenia lower than 50.000 platelets/mm³, only 9% didn't receive treatment. The ITP is a disease of important morbility in the Cojedes state, with similar epidemic behavior than the rest of Latin America and the world, being its occurrence influenced by environmental factors, prevalence of the illness among the 2-8 years, without distinguish of gender, with infection antecedents as factor of risk in the genesis of the clinical features and satisfactory evolution without treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Blood Platelets/immunology , Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/epidemiology , Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/pathology , Child Care , Environmental Illness/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Hemorrhagic Disorders/metabolism
12.
Kinesiologia ; 27(1): 9-15, mar. 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503416

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de las técnicas Kinésicas Respiratorias agrupadas en cuatro protocolos de tratamiento (K1, K2, K3 Y PVA) en lactantes y preescolares hospitalizados con afecciones respiratorias, usando un diseño cuasiexperimental, longitudinal prospectivo. Método: Se evaluó a 80 niños, edad promedio de 14.3 meses (SD 12.3) con diagnóstico de Síndrome Bronquial Obstructivo (SBO) y Bronconeumonía (BNM) entre el primer y tercer día de hospitalización. El efecto de la Kinesiterapia Respiratoria (KTR) fue medido en cada paciente a través del Índice Kinésico de Carga de Trabajo Ventilatorio (IKCTV), ejecutado por un único evaluador (KA) al inicio y al final de un turno de 12 horas. Cada protocolo fue definido tanto en la metodología de las técnicas como en el número de atenciones. Cada uno de los protocolos fue seleccionado al azar y aplicado por otro kinesiólogo (KB). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar las variables biomédicas de los pacientes evaluados. Los resultados muestran un descenso, una mantención y un incremento en el puntaje final del IKCTV en el 57.5%, 27.5% y un 15% de los pacientes, respectivamente. Tampoco existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar la efectividad de los protocolos de tratamiento entre sí. Conclusión: No existió asociación directa entre cantidad de atenciones de KTR, el Protocolo de tratamiento y la disminución en el 1 KCTV.


Objective: Compare the effects of the different techniques dealing with chest physical therapy (CPT) grouped in four treatment protocols (K1, K2, K3, PVA) in infants and preschool children that were hospitalized with respiratory infection, using a prospective longitudinal experimental design. Method: 80 children were assessed, with an average age of 13.8 months (SD 11.8) with a diagnosis of obstructive bronchial syndrome and pneumonia between the first and third day of hospitalization. The effects of CPT measured through the Physical Therapy Index of Ventilatory Work Load (PTIVWL), performed by a single therapist (KA) before and after the therapy in a 12-hour shift. The treatment was grouped in form of protocols; they differed in the methodology of the techniques and number of applications of the therapy. The protocol, chosen randomly, was applied by a different therapist (KB) who didn't know the previous evaluations. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the biomedical variables of the assessed patients. The results show a decrease of the PTIVWL final score in the 57.5% of patients, maintenance in the 27.5% and increase in the 15% in the PTIVWL. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference between the four protocols of treatment. Conclusion: There was no relationship between the number of CPT.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/rehabilitation , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Exercise Therapy/methods , Acute Disease , Child, Hospitalized , Clinical Protocols , Longitudinal Studies , Prospective Studies , Airway Resistance/physiology , Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology
13.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 70(4): 113-118, oct.-dic. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-589303

ABSTRACT

La infección VIH en pediatría, muestra diversidad de manifestaciones cuyo reconocimiento permite una precoz aproximación diagnóstica. Determinar las manifestaciones inicieales en pacientes pediátricos con infección VIH. Estudio comparativo y retrospectivo, incluyendo pacientes con infección VIH del Hospital de Niños "J.M de Los Ríos" (Caracas, Venezuela) entre 1987-2006. Los datos fueron obtenidos de la base de datos de la consulta. Según la forma de transmisión del VIH se establecieron dos grupos: vertical y horizontal. Se registró la manifestación inicial y la edad de presentación, así como la edad del diagnóstico VIH. Las frecuencias fueron comparadas por el método chi cuadrado. Se incluyeron 191 pacientes: grupo vertical 80,1 por ciento y grupo horizontal 19,9 por ciento. Del total 5,2 por ciento estaban asintomáticos, 33,5 por ciento tenían manifestaciones inespecíficos, 41,9 por ciento tenían síntomas VIH/no SIDA y 19,4 por ciento tenían síntomas VIH/SIDA. Las manifestaciones más frecuentes fueron: linfadenopatías generalizadas (25 por ciento), hepatomegalia (16,1 por ciento), infecciones respiratorias altas recurrentes y persistentes (15,1 por ciento), infecciones bacterianas severas (18,2 por ciento), diarrea crónica (11,4 por ciento) y esplenomegalia (10,9 por ciento). La edad de la primera manifestación fue de 0,9 ± 0,7 años en el grupo vertical y 5,5 ± 3,9 años en el grupo horizontal. La edad del diagnóstico VIH fue 2,8 ± 2,7 años en el grupo vertical y 7,6 ± 4,9 años en el grupo horizontal. Las manifestaciones inespecíficas fueron las más frecuentes: linfoadenopatías generalizadas, hepatomegalia e infecciones respiratorias altas. Sin embargo, las infecciones bacterianas severas y la diarrea crónica, constituyen manifestaciones relevantes para la sospecha de infección VIH. El diagnóstico se realizó como mínimo 2 años después de la primera manifestación en ambos grupos.


Pediatric HIV infection shows different manifestations whose recognition allows an early diagnostic approach. To determine the initial manifestations in HIV pediatric patients. It was a comparative and retrospective study that included HIV patients who attended to Hospital de Niños “J.M de Los Ríos” (Caracas, Venezuela), between 1987-2006. Data were obtained from HIV consultation Data Base. According to HIV transmission, we established two groups: vertical and horizontal. The initial manifestation and the patient age at that moment were recorded, so was the HIV diagnosis age. The frequencies were compared by square chi method. There were 191 patients: 80,1% in the vertical group and 19,9% in the horizontal one. There were 5,2% of asymptomatic patients, 33,5% had inespecific manifestations, 41,9% had HIV/no AIDS symptoms and 19,4% had HIV/AIDS symptoms. The most frequently seen manifestations were: generalized lymphadenopathy (25%), hepatomegaly (16%), recurrent and persistent upper respiratory tract infection (15,1%), severe bacterial infection (18,2%), chronic diarrhea (11,4%) and splenomegaly (10,9%). The age at the first manifestation was 0,9 ± 0,7 years in the vertical group and 5,5 ± 3,9 years in the horizontal one. The HIV diagnosis age was 2,8 ± 2,7 years in the vertical group and 7,6 ± 4,9 years in the horizontal one. The most frequent manifestations were inespecific: generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and upper respiratory tract infection. However, severe bacterial infections and chronic diarrhea are relevant manifestations to suspect HIV infection. HIV diagnosis was done at least two years after the first manifestation in both groups.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Child, Preschool , Child , Hepatomegaly/etiology , Hypersplenism/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/classification , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Diarrhea/etiology , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Bacterial Infections/immunology , Pneumonia/physiopathology , Sepsis/complications
14.
J. bras. med ; 92(4): 73-76, abr. 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-478509

ABSTRACT

As doenças das vias aéreas superiores fazem parte da rotina diária dos ambulatórios de Clínica Médica. O presente artigo destaca as doenças da orofaringe, em especial o sintoma de dor de garganta. Enfatiza os principais agentes etiológicos, por exemplo, vírus, bactérias ou fungos. Descreve o diagnóstico clínico, os exames complementares e a terapêutica específica para cada caso.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Streptococcal Infections/etiology , Streptococcal Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/etiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Azithromycin/therapeutic use , Haemophilus/pathogenicity , Mycoplasma/pathogenicity , Streptococcus agalactiae/pathogenicity
15.
J. bras. pneumol ; 33(2): 213-221, mar.-abr. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-459293

ABSTRACT

Diabetes melito relacionado à fibrose cística (DMFC) é a principal complicação extrapulmonar da fibrose cística. Atualmente, ele afeta 15-30 por cento dos adultos com fibrose cística e sua prevalência tende a aumentar com o aumento da expectativa de vida desses pacientes. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo rever a fisiopatologia, morbidade, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento do DMFC. Uma pesquisa bibliográfica utilizou os bancos de dados Medline e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, selecionando artigos publicados nos últimos vinte anos. A insulinopenia secundária à destruição de células beta pancreáticas é o principal mecanismo causal, embora a resistência insulínica também possa estar presente. O DMFC apresenta características do diabetes melito tipo 1 e tipo 2 e tem início, em média, aos 20 anos de idade. Ele pode cursar com hiperglicemia em jejum, pós-prandial ou intermitente. As alterações do metabolismo glicêmico agravam o estado nutricional, aumentam a morbidade, diminuem a sobrevida e pioram a função pulmonar. As complicações microvasculares estão presentes, porém raramente observam-se as macrovasculares. A triagem para o DMFC deve ser anual, a partir dos 10 anos de idade, através do teste de tolerância oral à glicose e, em qualquer faixa etária, se houver perda ponderal inexplicada ou sintomatologia de diabetes. Pacientes hospitalizados também devem ser investigados e receber terapia insulínica se a hiperglicemia em jejum persistir além de 48 h. A insulina é o tratamento de escolha para o diabetes com hiperglicemia em jejum. Não existe consenso quanto ao tratamento do diabetes intermitente ou sem hiperglicemia de jejum. Não há orientações de restrições alimentares. O acompanhamento deve ser multidisciplinar.


Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is the principal extra-pulmonary complication of cystic fibrosis, occurring in 15-30 percent of adult cystic fibrosis patients. The number of cystic fibrosis patients who develop diabetes is increasing in parallel with increases in life expectancy. The aim of this study was to review the physiopathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of CFRD. A bibliographic search of the Medline and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases was made. Articles were selected from among those published in the last twenty years. Insulin deficiency, caused by reduced beta-cell mass, is the main etiologic mechanism, although insulin resistance also plays a role. Presenting features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, CFRD typically affects individuals of approximately 20 years of age. It can also be accompanied by fasting, non-fasting or intermittent hyperglycemia. Glucose intolerance is associated with worsening of nutritional status, increased morbidity, decreased survival and reduced pulmonary function. Microvascular complications are always present, although macrovascular complications are rarely seen. An oral glucose tolerance test is recommended annually for patients e" 10 years of age and for any patients presenting unexplained weight loss or symptoms of diabetes. Patients hospitalized with severe diseases should also be screened. If fasting hyperglycemia persists for more than 48 h, insulin therapy is recommended. Insulin administration remains the treatment of choice for diabetes and fasting hyperglycemia. Calories should not be restricted, and patients with CFRD should be managed by a multidisciplinary team.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Cystic Fibrosis/complications , Diabetes Mellitus/etiology , Age Factors , Cystic Fibrosis/diagnosis , Cystic Fibrosis/physiopathology , Cystic Fibrosis/therapy , Glucose Tolerance Test , Glucose Intolerance/etiology , Glucose Intolerance/physiopathology , Hyperglycemia/etiology , Hyperglycemia/physiopathology , Insulin Resistance , Insulin , Insulin/therapeutic use , Nutritional Status , Respiratory Tract Infections/etiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Time Factors , Vascular Diseases/etiology , Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
16.
Arq. ciênc. saúde ; 11(1): 48-52, jan.-mar. 2004.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-402399

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Rinite alérgica, rinossinusite e asma são doenças alérgicas que frequentemente coexistem no mesmopaciente. Compartilham as mesmas características anatômicas, fisiológicas e imunopatológicas. Apresentamtambém fatores precipitantes e terapêutica semelhantes. Este artigo revisa as atuais evidências que apontamessas entidades clínicas como partes de uma síndrome inflamatória única, a doença da via aérea única.Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise crítica e objetiva da literatura médica por pesquisa através da MEDLINE dos estudos mais relevantes sobre a interrelação entre rinite-rinossinusite-asma alérgicas publicadas desde1994.Resultados: A asma está presente em mais da metade dos pacientes com rinite alérgica. Foi observado quepacientes com rinite alérgica e sem asma apresentam hiperresponsividade brônquica que piora quando taispacientes são submetidos a desencadeamento nasal específico. Por outro lado, o desencadeamento brônquicoseletivo induz sintomas nasais. As prováveis causas para essa interligação incluem drenagem pós nasal para os brônquios, a presença de um reflexo nasobrônquico, a inalação de ar seco e frio secundária à obstrução nasal e absorção sistêmica de mediadores liberados no nariz. existe ainda uma ligação entre asma e rinossinusite. O tratamento das doenças das vias aéreas superiores melhora o controle da asma.Conclusões: Evidências atuais sugerem que doenças alérgicas como rinite, rinossinusite e asma fazem partede uma síndrome inflamatória sistêmica. A interrelação entre vias aéreas superiores e inferiores é bidirecionale sistêmica. Pacientes com rinite alérgica têm maior risco de desenvolverem asma e formam um grupo cujaintervenção precoce poderia interromper a marcha alérgica


Subject(s)
Asthma , Respiratory Tract Infections/complications , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Sinusitis
17.
São Paulo; s.n; 2004. [117] p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-409006

ABSTRACT

As doenças do aparelho respiratório inferior (DARI) são responsáveis por altos índices de morbi-mortalidade em crianças em todo o mundo. O principal agente causador de DARI em lactentes é o vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR), que acomete, principalmente os lactentes no primeiro ano de vida. O perfil dos tipos e genotipos de VSR causadores de DARI e o papel dos anticorpos séricos do lactente ainda estão indefinidos. Este conhecimento é importante para o desenvolvimento de medidas terapêuticas e profiláticas eficazes.Throughout the world, lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is responsible for high mortality rates among children. The main etiological agent of LRTI in infants is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that mainly involves infants in the first year of life. The profile of the types and genotypes of RSV that cause LRTI and the role of the infant's serum antibodies have yet to be fully clarified. This knowledge is important for the development of effective therapeutic and prophylactic measures...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Antibodies/immunology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/classification , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/pathogenicity , Genotype , Immunity, Maternally-Acquired/immunology
18.
RBM rev. bras. med ; 59(1/2): 63-68, jan.-fev. 2002. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-319172

ABSTRACT

No período de setembro de 1999 a julho de 2000, analisamos a atividade in vitro de seis antimicrobianos, respectivamente, azitromicina, claritromicina, amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, cefprozil e cefaclor ante a um total de 597 amostras bacterianas isoladas do trato respiratório superior e inferior de pacientes da comunidade, sem restriçäo de faixa etária, assim distribuídas: 247 cepas de H. influenzae, 147 S. aureus, 114 S. pneumoniae, 51 S. pyogenes e 38 M catarrhalis. A determinaçäo da Concentraçäo Inibitória Mínima (MIC) foi realizada pelo método do Etest e interpretadas de acordo com critérios padronizados pelo NCCLS. Entre as 247 cepas de H. influenzae, 9,7 porcento eram produtoras de B-lactamase, sendo que 100 porcento destas cepas foram sensíveis à amoxicilina/ác. clavulânico e cefaclor, 98 porcento à cefprozil, 96 porcento à azitromicina e 90 porcento à claritromicina. Das 147 cepas de S. aureus, 100 porcento eram sensíveis à oxacilina, amoxilina/ác. clavulânico, cefprozil e cefaclor, 71 porcento à claritromicina e 68 porcento à azitromicina. Entre as 114 cepas de S. peneumoniae, nenhuma cepa apresentou resistência total à penicilina, 14 cepas apresentaram resistência intermediária para penicilina, sendo que 100 porcento das cepas foram sensíveis à amoxicilina e amoxicilina/àc. clavulânico, 99 porcento à cefprozil e cefaclor, 88 porcento à azitromicina e 86 porcento à claritromicina. Entre as 14 cepas de pneumococos com resistência intermediária para penicilina, 3 cepas eram resistentes à azitromicina e 4 cepas à claritromicina. Entrre as 51 amostras de S. pyogenes, 4 cepas apresentaram resistência à azitromicina e claritromicina. Para M. catarrhalis, 100 porcento das cepas eram produtoras de B-lactamase e o MIC para azitromicina, claritromicina, amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ác. clavulânico, cefprozil e cefaclor foram 0,25; 0,25; 3; 0,25; 4 e 1,5 ug/ml, respectivamente.(au)


Subject(s)
Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Lactams , Macrolides , Amoxicillin , Azithromycin , Cefaclor , Clarithromycin , Clavulanic Acid
19.
Indian J Pediatr ; 1998 Nov-Dec; 65(6): 781-95
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-79987

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein substance that lines the lungs and helps reduce surface tension. Surfactant associated protein-A (SP-A) is the most abundant non-serum protein in pulmonary surfactant. This complex glycoprotein aids in the synthesis, secretion and recycling of surfactant phospholipids, and facilitates the reduction of surface tension by surfactant phospholipids. Recent evidence has highlighted the role of SP-A in the innate immune system present in the lung. SP-A may play a major role in defense against pathogens by interacting with both infectious agents and the immune system. Factors that affect fetal lung maturation, e.g. gestational age and hormones regulate SP-A gene expression. Mediators of immune function also regulate SP-A levels. A number of lung disorders, including infectious diseases and respiratory distress syndrome are associated with abnormal alveolar SP-A levels. SP-A can no longer be called a lung-specific protein, since it has recently been detected in other tissues. In most species, SP-A is encoded by a single gene, however in humans it is encoded by two, very similar genes. Models for the structure of the human SP-A protein molecule have been proposed, suggesting that the mature alveolar SP-A molecule is composed of both gene products. The study of SP-A may provide information helpful in understanding disease processes and formulating new treatment modalities.


Subject(s)
Gene Expression/physiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Organ Specificity , Proteolipids/genetics , Pulmonary Alveoli/physiopathology , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins , Pulmonary Surfactants/genetics , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Surface Tension
20.
Indian J Pediatr ; 1998 Sep-Oct; 65(5): 629-41
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-81171

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein substance that lines the lungs and helps reduce surface tension. Surfactant associated protein-A (SP-A) is the most abundant non-serum protein in pulmonary surfactant. This complex glycoprotein aids in the synthesis, secretion and recycling of surfactant phospholipids, and facilitates the reduction of surface tension by surfactant phospholipids. Recent evidence has highlighted the role of SP-A in the innate immune system present in the lung. SP-A may play a major role in defense against pathogens by interacting with both infectious agents and the immune system. Factors that affect fetal lung maturation, e.g., gestational age and hormones, regulate SP-A gene expression. Mediators of immune function also regulate SP-A levels. A number of lung disorders, including infectious diseases and respiratory distress syndrome are associated with abnormal alveolar SP-A levels. SP-A can no longer be called a lung-specific protein, since it has recently been detected in other tissues. In most species, SP-A is encoded by a single gene, however in humans it is encoded by two, very similar genes. Models for the structure of the human SP-A protein molecule have been proposed, suggesting that the mature alveolar SP-A molecule is composed of both gene products. The study of SP-A may provide information helpful in understanding disease processes and formulating new treatment modalities.


Subject(s)
Gene Expression/physiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lung/pathology , Microscopy, Electron , Proteolipids/genetics , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins , Pulmonary Surfactants/genetics , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology , Surface Tension
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